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Fish consumption and markers of colorectal cancer risk: a multicenter randomized controlled trial1,2,3
1 From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Netherlands (GKP, AG, GS, and EK); Gastrointestinal Biology and Health, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom (GM-N, LJH, KP-P, JRD, and EKL); UMC St Radboud, Nijmegen, Netherlands (FMN); Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, Netherlands (BJMW); Slingeland Hospital, Doetinchem, Netherlands (PCvdM); St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands (RT); Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands (AT); Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands (PJW); Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, NHS Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom (ARH); and James Paget University Hospital, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom (MPW).
2 Supported by the Integrated Project SEAFOOD, a grant from the European Union (contract no. 506359), and the Food Standards Agency UK.
3 Address correspondence to EK Lund, Gastrointestinal Biology and Health, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom. E-mail: liz.lund{at}bbsrc.ac.uk.
for the FISHGASTRO Study Group
ABSTRACT
Background: Diet is a major factor in the etiology of colorectal cancer, with high fish consumption possibly decreasing colorectal cancer risk, as was shown in several observational studies. To date, no intervention trials have examined the possible beneficial effects of fish intake on colorectal cancer risk.
Objective: The objective was to investigate the effects of a 6-mo intervention with oil-rich or lean fish on apoptosis and mitosis within the colonic crypt.
Design: In a multicenter, randomized, controlled intervention trial, patients with colorectal polyps, inactive ulcerative colitis, or no macroscopic signs of disease were recruited (n = 242) and randomly allocated to receive dietary advice plus either 300 g oil-rich fish (salmon) per week (n = 82), 300 g lean fish (cod) per week (n = 78), or only dietary advice (DA) (n = 82). Apoptosis and mitosis were measured in colonic biopsy samples collected before and after intervention (n = 213).
Results: The total number of apoptotic cells per crypt did not increase in the salmon or cod group: –0.10 (95% CI: –0.36, 0.16) and –0.06 (95% CI: –0.32, 0.20), respectively, compared with the DA group. The total number of mitotic cells per crypt decreased nonsignificantly in the salmon group (–0.87; 95% CI: –2.41, 0.68) and in the cod group (–1.04; 95% CI: –2.62, 0.53) compared with the DA group. Furthermore, the distribution of mitosis within the crypt did not significantly change in either group.
Conclusion: An increase in the consumption of either oil-rich or lean fish to 2 portions weekly over 6 mo does not markedly change apoptotic and mitotic rates in the colonic mucosa. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00145015.
Received for publication February 12, 2009. Accepted for publication May 29, 2009.
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