|
Nonvegetarians
|
Vegetarians
|
| Cause of death |
Regular meat eaters2 (n = 31766) |
Occasional meat eaters3(n = 8135) |
Fish eaters4(n = 2375) |
Vegetarians5(n = 23265) |
Vegans6 (n = 753) |
|
| Stomach cancer |
|
|
|
|
|
| Death rate ratio |
1.00 |
0.36 (0.11, 1.18) |
0.86 (0.20, 3.74) |
0.71 (0.42, 1.21) |
2.18 (0.43, 11.2) |
| Number of deaths |
38 |
3 |
2 |
28 |
2 |
| Colorectal cancer |
|
|
|
|
|
| Death rate ratio |
1.00 |
1.14 (0.72, 1.82) |
1.00 (0.42, 2.38) |
1.10 (0.79, 1.54) |
0.83 (0.11, 6.17) |
| Number of deaths |
78 |
30 |
8 |
71 |
1 |
| Lung cancer |
|
|
|
|
|
| Death rate ratio |
1.00 |
0.69 (0.39, 1.22) |
1.04 (0.41, 2.64) |
0.62 (0.38, 1.00) |
2.79 (0.39, 20.0) |
| Number of deaths |
89 |
15 |
5 |
26 |
2 |
| Breast cancer |
|
|
|
|
|
| Death rate ratio |
1.00 |
0.97 (0.56, 1.71) |
1.50 (0.74, 3.04) |
0.75 (0.49, 1.14) |
— |
| Number of deaths |
61 |
19 |
10 |
41 |
0 |
| Prostate cancer |
|
|
|
|
|
| Death rate ratio |
1.00 |
1.06 (0.60, 1.89) |
1.25 (0.30, 5.22) |
0.75 (0.47, 1.21) |
— |
| Number of deaths |
51 |
18 |
3 |
33 |
0 |
| Ischemic heart disease |
|
|
|
|
|
| Death rate ratio |
1.00 |
0.80 (0.69, 0.93) |
0.66 (0.48, 0.90) |
0.66 (0.52, 0.83) |
0.74 (0.46, 1.21) |
| Number of deaths |
912 |
251 |
42 |
521 |
17 |
| Cerebrovascular disease |
|
|
|
|
|
| Death rate ratio |
1.00 |
0.97 (0.75, 1.25) |
1.04 (0.65, 1.64) |
0.87 (0.66, 1.13) |
0.70 (0.25, 1.98) |
| Number of deaths |
267 |
92 |
20 |
234 |
4 |
| Other causes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Death rate ratio |
1.00 |
0.84 (0.75, 0.93) |
0.85 (0.68, 1.06) |
0.95 (0.79, 1.15) |
1.33 (0.92, 1.93) |
| Number of deaths |
1521 |
472 |
87 |
1087 |
42 |
| All causes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Death rate ratio |
1.00 |
0.84 (0.77, 0.90) |
0.82 (0.77, 0.96) |
0.84 (0.74, 0.96) |
1.00 (0.70, 1.44) |
| Number of deaths |
3017 |
|
|
|
68 |
|
1Adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and study using a random-effects model. Data from the Health Food Shoppers study (2) were excluded because information on fish, egg, and frequency of meat consumption was not collected.2Reference group (ate meat  1 time/wk).3Ate meat occasionally but <1 time/wk.4Never ate meat but did eat fish.5Ate dairy products, eggs, or both.6Did not eat any animal products. |
| |
