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Editorials |
1 From the Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinios, Urbana.
See corresponding article on page844.
There has been a substantial increase in research on the potential health aspects of soy protein and soy phytoestrogens since the publication of the Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease in 1995 (1). The data showing a significant reduction in serum cholesterol with soy protein consumption were strong enough that in October 1999 the Food and Drug Administration approved a health claim for food labels on products that contain 
6.25 g soy protein/serving. Other soy and health relations are less clear.
The effects of soy and soy phytoestrogens on bone maintenance are under active evaluation. Trials with ovariectomized rats suggested that soy with isoflavones compared with ethanol-washed soy (essentially devoid of isoflavones) prevents the bone loss associated with the reduction of endogenous estrogen that occurs with menopause (2). In contrast, supplementation of surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys with conjugated equine estrogens prevented bone loss, but soy did not (3).
In the first published human trial, we found that supplementing postmenopausal woman for 6 mo with 40 g soy protein/d containing 90 but not 45 mg isoflavones/d (aglycone units) significantly increased bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine but not of other bone sites (4). In this issue of the Journal, Alekel et al (5) give the results of a second 6-mo feeding trial with soy that specifically evaluated the effects of soy with isoflavones (80 mg/d) and with isoflavones reduced to 4.4 mg/d on bone sparing in perimenopausal women. Although there were some differences between the trials (Table 1
), Alekel et al also found that soy with high amounts of isoflavones attenuated bone loss from the lumbar spine. The only other report of a feeding trial was an abstract from Gallagher et al (6). In that trial, no effect was found on spine or femur BMD of postmenopausal woman supplemented with soy with 3 different amounts of isoflavones after 9 mo.
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Note that the spine was the bone site affected by soy with isoflavones (Table 1
). Results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Trial (10) showed a greater responsiveness to various estrogen treatments in the spine than in the hip. Duan et al (11) suggested that hormone replacement therapy may be a more effective means of reducing the risk of spine than of hip fractures. Trabecular bone is known to have a higher turnover rate than does cortical bone. Thus, the lumbar spine, which is relatively high in trabecular bone, should be more sensitive to compounds that are thought to affect remodeling, such as estrogens and phytoestrogens.
In a recent editorial focused on the potential role of soy phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women, Clarkson (3) concluded that the effects of soy or phytoestrogen supplements on postmenopausal bone loss were uncertain. Messina (9) labeled the relation between isoflavones and bone health as "provocative." We feel that the positive effects in these 2 trials warrant further long-term studies. It would be a great benefit to peri- and postmenopausal woman if soy with isoflavones alone or with other therapy were shown to attenuate bone loss in the spine, providing these women with an alternative approach to hormone therapy for maintaining bone.
REFERENCES
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  M. Thorpe, M. C. Mojtahedi, K. Chapman-Novakofski, E. McAuley, and E. M. Evans A Positive Association of Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density with Dietary Protein Is Suppressed by a Negative Association with Protein Sulfur J. Nutr., January 1, 2008; 138(1): 80 - 85. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Bhakta, I. dos Santos Silva, C. Higgins, L. Sevak, T. Kassam-Khamis, P. Mangtani, H. Adlercreutz, and A. McMichael A Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire Is a Valid Indicator of the Usual Intake of Phytoestrogens by South Asian Women in the UK Relative to Multiple 24-h Dietary Recalls and Multiple Plasma Samples J. Nutr., January 1, 2005; 135(1): 116 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. D. Setchell and E. Lydeking-Olsen Dietary phytoestrogens and their effect on bone: evidence from in vitro and in vivo, human observational, and dietary intervention studies Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 593S - 609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. D. R. Setchell, N. M. Brown, and E. Lydeking-Olsen The Clinical Importance of the Metabolite Equol--A Clue to the Effectiveness of Soy and Its Isoflavones J. Nutr., December 1, 2002; 132(12): 3577 - 3584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. A. Greendale, G. FitzGerald, M.-H. Huang, B. Sternfeld, E. Gold, T. Seeman, S. Sherman, and M. Sowers Dietary Soy Isoflavones and Bone Mineral Density: Results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Am. J. Epidemiol., April 15, 2002; 155(8): 746 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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