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Increasing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among US adults: 1988–1994 to 1999—2004^1,2,3

¹ From the Departments of Health Policy and Management (SNB), Center for Human Nutrition and International Health (YW), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; the Department of Health Policy and Management, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY (YCW); and the Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (SLG).

² Supported by the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health.

³ Address reprint requests and correspondence to SN Bleich, Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 North Broadway, Room 451, Baltimore, MD 21205. E-mail: sbleich{at}jhsph.edu.

ABSTRACT

Background: Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Objective: We examined national trends in SSB consumption among US adults by sociodemographic characteristics, body weight status, and weight-loss intention.

Design: We analyzed 24-h dietary recall data to estimate beverage consumption among adults (aged 20 y) obtained from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994; n = 15979) and NHANES 1999–2004 (n = 13431).

Results: From 1988–1994 to 1999–2004 on the survey day, the percentage of adult SSB drinkers increased from 58% to 63% (P < 0.001), per capita consumption of SSB increased by 46 kcal/d (P = 0.001), and daily SSB consumption among drinkers increased by 6 oz (P < 0.001). In both survey periods, per capita SSB consumption was highest among young adults (231–289 kcal/d) and lowest among the elderly (68–83 kcal/d). Young blacks had the highest percentage of SSB drinkers and the highest per capita consumption compared with white and Mexican American adults (P < 0.05). Overweight-obese adults with weight-loss intention (compared with those without) were significantly less likely to drink SSB, but they still consumed a considerable amount in 1999–2004 (278 kcal/d). Among young adults, 20% of SSB calories was consumed at work.

Conclusions: Over the past decade, US adult SSB consumption has increased. SSB comprises a considerable source of total daily intake and is the largest source of beverage calories. SSB consumption is highest among subgroups also at greatest risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Received for publication August 26, 2008. Accepted for publication October 22, 2008.

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