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1 From the Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands, and the Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands (AH-W, MABV, AGN, MSW-P, and KRW).
2 Supported by Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands. 3 Reprints not available. Address correspondence to A Hochstenbach-Waelen, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands. E-mail: ananda.waelen{at}hb.unimaas.nl.
ABSTRACT
Background: An increase in the protein content of a diet results in an increase in satiety and energy expenditure. It is not clear to what extent a specific type of protein has such effects.
Objective: The objective was to compare the effects of 2 diets with either 25% or 10% of energy from casein (25En% and 10En% casein diets), as the only protein source, on energy expenditure, substrate balance, and appetite profile.
Design: During a 36-h stay in a respiration chamber, 24 healthy subjects [12 men and 12 women, body mass index (in kg/m2) of 22.4 ± 2.4, age 25 ± 7 y] received isoenergetic diets according to subject-specific energy requirements: 25En% diet (25%, 20%, and 55% of energy as protein, fat, and carbohydrate, respectively) and 10En% diet (10%, 35%, and 55% of energy as protein, fat, and carbohydrate, respectively) in a randomized crossover design. Three days before the diets began, the subjects consumed a similar diet at home. Energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and appetite scores were measured.
Results: The 25En% casein diet resulted in a 2.6% higher 24-h total energy expenditure (9.30 ± 0.24 compared with 9.07 ± 0.24 MJ/d; P < 0.01) and a higher sleeping metabolic rate (6.74 ± 0.16 compared with 6.48 ± 0.17 MJ/d; P < 0.001) than did the 10En% casein diet. With the 25En% casein diet, compared with the 10En% casein diet, the subjects were in positive protein balance (0.57 ± 0.05 compared with –0.08 ± 0.03 MJ/d; P < 0.0001) and negative fat balance (–0.83 ± 0.14 compared with 0.11 ± 0.17 MJ/d; P < 0.0001), whereas positive carbohydrate balances were not significantly different between diets. Satiety was 33% higher with the 25En% casein diet than with the 10En% casein diet (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: A 25En% casein diet boosts energy expenditure, protein balance, satiety, and negative fat balance, which is beneficial to body weight management.
Received for publication September 3, 2008. Accepted for publication December 23, 2008.
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