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Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans^1,2,3

¹ From the Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences (WM, GB, and AC); the Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (CAE and MEJL); the Medical School of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (JLD); and the National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research, Rome, Italy (MS).

² Supported by grant BB/C003802/1 from the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council to AC and CAE.

³ Address correspondence to A Crozier, Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, Graham Kerr Building, Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom. E-mail: a.crozier{at}bio.gla.ac.uk.

ABSTRACT

Background: Cocoa drinks containing flavan-3-ols are associated with many health benefits, and conflicting evidence exists as to whether milk adversely affects the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols.

Objective: The objective was to determine the effect of milk on the bioavailability of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites.

Design: Nine human volunteers followed a low-flavonoid diet for 2 d before drinking 250 mL of a cocoa beverage, made with water or milk, that contained 45 µmol (–)-epicatechin and (–)-catechin. Plasma and urine samples were collected for 24 h, and flavan-3-ol metabolites were analyzed by HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection.

Results: Milk affected neither gastric emptying nor the transit time through the small intestine. Two flavan-3-ol metabolites were detected in plasma and 4 in urine. Milk had only minor effects on the plasma pharmacokinetics of an (epi)catechin-O-sulfate and had no effect on an O-methyl-(epi)catechin-O-sulfate. However, milk significantly lowered the excretion of 4 urinary flavan-3-ol metabolites from 18.3% to 10.5% of the ingested dose (P = 0.016). Studies that showed protective effects of cocoa and those that showed no effect of milk on bioavailability used products that have a much higher flavan-3-ol content than does the commercial cocoa used in the present study.

Conclusions: Most studies of the protective effects of cocoa have used drinks with a very high flavan-3-ol content. Whether similar protective effects are associated with the consumption of many commercial chocolate and cocoa products containing substantially lower amounts of flavan-3-ols, especially when absorption at lower doses is obstructed by milk, remains to be determined.

Received for publication December 10, 2008. Accepted for publication March 17, 2009.

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