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1 From the German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Epidemiology, Nuthetal, Germany (BB, MBS, and HB); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (EJMF); the Department of Public Health Nutrition, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany (MBS); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Elsie Widdowson Laboratories, Cambridge, United Kingdom (NGF, NJW, and SS); the CSPO-Scientific Institute of Tuscany, Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Florence, Italy (DP and GT); the Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Copenhagen, Denmark (JH and AT); the Departments of Clinical Epidemiology (MUJ and KO) and of Cardiology (KO), Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands (HD and DLvdA); and the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Centre for Health and Society, Copenhagen, Denmark (TIAS). 2 None of the sponsors of DiOGenes (Diet, Obesity, and Genes) had a role in the study design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data in the written report or in the decision to submit for publication. This integrated program was set up to target the issue of the obesity problem from a dietary perspective, seeking new insights and new routes to prevention. 3 Supported by the European Committee, contract number FP6-513946. The parties of the project are listed on the website of the project (http://www.diogenes-eu.org/). 4 Address correspondence to B Buijsse, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Epidemiology Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany. E-mail: brian.buijsse{at}dife.de.
ABSTRACT
Background: High fruit and vegetable intakes may limit weight gain, particularly in susceptible persons, such as those who stop smoking.
Objective: The objective was to assess the association of fruit and vegetable intake with subsequent weight change in a large-scale prospective study.
Design: The data used were from 89,432 men and women from 5 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). The association between fruit and vegetable intake and weight change after a mean follow-up of 6.5 y was assessed by linear regression. Polytomous logistic regression was used to evaluate whether fruit and vegetable intake relates to weight gain, weight loss, or both.
Results: Per 100-g intake of fruit and vegetables, weight change was – 14 g/y (95% CI: – 19, – 9 g/y). In those who stopped smoking during follow-up, this value was – 37 g/y (95% CI: – 58, – 15 g/y; P for interaction < 0.0001). When weight gain and loss were analyzed separately per 100-g intake of fruit and vegetables in a combined model, the odds ratios (95% CIs) were 0.97 (0.95, 0.98) for weight gain 
0.5 and <1 kg/y, 0.94 (0.92, 0.96) for weight gain 1 kg/y, and 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) for weight loss 0.5 kg/y. In those who stopped smoking during follow-up, the odds ratios (95% CIs) were 0.93 (0.88, 0.99), 0.87 (0.81, 0.92), and 0.97 (0.88, 1.07), respectively (P for interaction 
0.0001).
Conclusions: Fruit and vegetable intake relates significantly, albeit weakly inversely, to weight change. For persons who stop smoking, high fruit and vegetable intakes may be recommended to reduce the risk of weight gain.
Received for publication December 19, 2008. Accepted for publication April 7, 2009.
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