| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 From the Adventist Health Study-2, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University Loma Linda, CA. 2 Presented at the symposium, "Fifth International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition," held in Loma Linda, CA, March 4–6, 2008. 3 Supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (5F32HL082435, RO1 CA094594). 4 Reprints not available. Address correspondence to GE Fraser, Adventist Health Study-2, Loma Linda University, 24785 Stewart Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350. E-mail: gfraser{at}llu.edu.
ABSTRACT
Background: Vegans and other vegetarians who limit their intake of animal products may be at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency than nonvegetarians, because foods providing the highest amount of vitamin D per gram naturally are all from animal sources, and fortification with vitamin D currently occurs in few foods.
Objective: We assessed serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [s25(OH)D] concentrations and factors affecting them in vegetarians, partial vegetarians, and nonvegetarians in a sample of calibration study subjects from the Adventist Health Study-2.
Design: Food-frequency questionnaires and sun-exposure data were obtained from 199 black and 229 non-Hispanic white adults. We compared s25(OH)D concentration, dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake, and sun exposure in the different dietary groups.
Results: We found no significant difference in s25(OH)D by vegetarian status for either white or black subjects. Among whites, dietary vitamin D intake and sun behavior were different between vegetarian groups, but there was no difference in skin type distribution. Among blacks, no significant differences were observed for any of these variables between vegetarian groups. The mean (±SD) s25(OH)D was higher in whites (77.1 ± 10.33 nmol/L) than in blacks (50.7 ± 27.4 nmol/L) (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions: s25(OH)D concentrations were not associated with vegetarian status. Other factors, such as vitamin D supplementation, degree of skin pigmentation, and amount and intensity of sun exposure have greater influence on s25(OH)D than diet.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Rajaram and J. Sabate Preface Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1541S - 1542S. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R Jacobs Jr, M. D Gross, and L. C Tapsell Food synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1543S - 1548S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J Key, P. N Appleby, E. A Spencer, R. C Travis, A. W Roddam, and N. E Allen Cancer incidence in vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1620S - 1626S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J Craig Health effects of vegan diets Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1627S - 1633S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R Jacobs Jr, E. H Haddad, A. J. Lanou, and M. J Messina Food, plant food, and vegetarian diets in the US dietary guidelines: conclusions of an expert panel Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1549S - 1552S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W Lampe Interindividual differences in response to plant-based diets: implications for cancer risk Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1553S - 1557S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J Key, P. N Appleby, E. A Spencer, R. C Travis, A. W Roddam, and N. E Allen Mortality in British vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1613S - 1619S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A Simon, Y.-H. Chen, and S. Bent The relation of {alpha}-linolenic acid to the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1558S - 1564S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Newby Plant foods and plant-based diets: protective against childhood obesity? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1572S - 1587S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Mangat Do vegetarians have to eat fish for optimal cardiovascular protection? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1597S - 1601S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E Fraser Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1607S - 1612S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M Weaver Should dairy be recommended as part of a healthy vegetarian diet? Point Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1634S - 1637S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Lanou Should dairy be recommended as part of a healthy vegetarian diet? Counterpoint Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1638S - 1642S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Sabate and Y. Ang Nuts and health outcomes: new epidemiologic evidence Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1643S - 1648S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Ros Nuts and novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1649S - 1656S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Carlsson-Kanyama and A. D Gonzalez Potential contributions of food consumption patterns to climate change Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1704S - 1709S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P Pierce, L. Natarajan, B. J Caan, S. W Flatt, S. Kealey, E. B Gold, R. A Hajek, V. A Newman, C. L Rock, M. Pu, et al. Dietary change and reduced breast cancer events among women without hot flashes after treatment of early-stage breast cancer: subgroup analysis of the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1565S - 1571S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. D Barnard, J. Cohen, D. J. Jenkins, G. Turner-McGrievy, L. Gloede, A. Green, and H. Ferdowsian A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1588S - 1596S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M Willis, B. Shukitt-Hale, and J. A Joseph Modulation of cognition and behavior in aged animals: role for antioxidant- and essential fatty acid-rich plant foods Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1602S - 1606S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rajaram, E. H. Haddad, A. Mejia, and J. Sabate Walnuts and fatty fish influence different serum lipid fractions in normal to mildly hyperlipidemic individuals: a randomized controlled study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1657S - 1663S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Messina and A. H Wu Perspectives on the soy-breast cancer relation Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1673S - 1679S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J Marlow, W. K Hayes, S. Soret, R. L Carter, E. R Schwab, and J. Sabate Diet and the environment: does what you eat matter? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1699S - 1703S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W Lampe Is equol the key to the efficacy of soy foods? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1664S - 1667S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. M Badger, J. M Gilchrist, R T. Pivik, A. Andres, K. Shankar, J.-R. Chen, and M. J Ronis The health implications of soy infant formula Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1668S - 1672S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Lonnerdal Soybean ferritin: implications for iron status of vegetarians Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1680S - 1685S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Elmadfa and I. Singer Vitamin B-12 and homocysteine status among vegetarians: a global perspective Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1693S - 1698S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
